Friday, February 27, 2026

An Essential Glossary of Norse Pagan Terms and Concepts

For the modern Heathen, language is more than just communication; it is a bridge to the worldview of our ancestors. Concepts like Frith, Hamingja, and the Innangarðs reflect a unique way of life centered on honor, reciprocity, and the "Gifting Cycle." However, modern translations often lose the nuanced spiritual mechanics behind these Old Norse words. This glossary provides a curated list of foundational terms used in Norse Paganism, offering both the historical context and the correct orthography found in the Sagas and the Poetic Edda. If you want to move beyond pop-culture tropes and understand the actual terminology of the North, this guide is your essential starting point.

To help you navigate these terms, I have included a general pronunciation guide for the specific characters found in Old Norse. Note that Old Norse is a "stress-initial" language, meaning the emphasis is almost always on the first syllable.

General Old Norse Pronunciation Guide

  • á: Long "ah" as in father.

  • í: Long "ee" as in machine.

  • ó: Long "oh" as in pole.

  • ö: Like the "u" in burn or the "i" in bird.

  • þ (Thorn): Hard "th" as in thin.

  • ð (Eth): Soft "th" as in this or weather.

  • j: Always a "y" sound as in yes.

  • r: Usually "rolled" or "tapped" like in Spanish.


A — G

  • Æsir (ON: Æsir) — Pronunciation: EYE-seer The primary tribe of gods (including Odin, Thor, and Frigg).

  • Althing (ON: Alþingi) — Pronunciation: AL-thin-gee The national assembly of Iceland established in 930 CE.

  • Asgard (ON: Ásgarðr) — Pronunciation: AHS-garth-er The celestial realm inhabited by the gods.

  • Blót (ON: Blót) — Pronunciation: BLOHT (rhymes with boat) The central act of worship and ritual offering.

  • Dísir (ON: Dísir) — Pronunciation: DEE-seer Female ancestral spirits or deities.

  • Fylgja (ON: Fylgja) — Pronunciation: FILL-gyah A supernatural "follower" or animal spirit attached to a person.

  • Gebo (ON: Gjöf) — Pronunciation: GYUV (G is hard, like gift) The core principle of reciprocity and "The Gift."

  • Gothi / Gythia (ON: Goði / Gyðja) — Pronunciation: GO-thee / GITH-yah A priest or priestess; historically a local chieftain.

  • Grith (ON: Grið) — Pronunciation: GRITH (rhymes with with) A localized or temporary truce.


H — O

  • Hamingja (ON: Hamingja) — Pronunciation: HAHM-ing-yah The personification of a person’s luck and spiritual power.

  • Hávamál (ON: Hávamál) — Pronunciation: HOW-vah-mowl "The Sayings of the High One"; Odin’s ethical wisdom.

  • Hof (ON: Hof) — Pronunciation: HOF (rhymes with loaf or off depending on dialect, usually short o) A temple or hall dedicated to religion.

  • Hörgr (ON: Hörgr) — Pronunciation: HOR-ger A stone altar or cairn.

  • Innangard (ON: Innangarðs) — Pronunciation: IN-nahn-garth-er "Inside the yard"; the realm of law and civilization.

  • Jotun (ON: Jötunn) — Pronunciation: YOR-tun A "giant" or chaotic entity from the outside world.

  • Midgard (ON: Miðgarðr) — Pronunciation: MITH-garth-er "Middle-enclosure"; the physical world of humans.

  • Norns (ON: Nornir) — Pronunciation: NOR-neer The three beings who weave the tapestry of fate.

  • Örlög (ON: Örlög) — Pronunciation: OR-log The layers of past actions that determine the present.


R — Y

  • Ragnarök (ON: Ragnarök) — Pronunciation: RAG-nah-rock "The Fate of the Gods"; the final battle and rebirth.

  • Runes (ON: Rúnar) — Pronunciation: ROON-ar The alphabetic script and symbols of mystery.

  • Seidr (ON: Seiðr) — Pronunciation: SAY-ther (th as in this) A form of shamanic magic and prophecy.

  • Thing (ON: Þing) — Pronunciation: THING The legislative and judicial assembly of free men.

  • Utangard (ON: Utangarðs) — Pronunciation: OOT-ahn-garth-er "Outside the yard"; the realm of chaos and the wild.

  • Valkyrie (ON: Valkyrja) — Pronunciation: vahl-KEER-yah "Chooser of the Slain" who escorts the dead to Valhalla.

  • Vanir (ON: Vanir) — Pronunciation: VAH-neer The tribe of gods associated with fertility and the land.

  • Wyrd (ON: Urðr) — Pronunciation: URTH (rhymes with earth, but with a soft "th") The principle of fate and what has happened.

  • Yggdrasil (ON: Yggdrasill) — Pronunciation: IG-drah-sill The World Tree that connects the nine realms.

I hope you found something useful in this essay. You can find me on most social media @asktheamericanpagan.

Stay curious.

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An Essential Glossary of Norse Pagan Terms and Concepts

For the modern Heathen , language is more than just communication; it is a bridge to the worldview of our ancestors. Concepts like Frith , H...